Comprehensive Study Guide

Discovery & Settlement

age of exploration

Christopher Columbus

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Northwest Passage

Jamestown

disease

John Smith

Powhatan

John Rolfe, tobacco

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Plymouth

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

John Winthrop

City Upon a Hill

Puritans

Separatists, non-separatists

Spanish Settlements

Pueblo Revolt

French Settlements

Fur trade

Dutch, New Netherlands

Iroquois Confederacy

American Indians (relations w/ colonists)

Colonial America

original thirteen colonies

regions: New England, Mid-Atlantic, South

House of Burgesses

Roger Williams, Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

Salem witch trials (1692)

Half-Way Covenant

King Philip's War (1676)

Restoration Colonies

Navigation Acts

Mercantilism

Dominion of New England

Glorious Revolution

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Triangular trade, Middle Passage

origins of slavery

James Oglethorpe

proprietary, royal, and charter colonies

Maryland & Lord Baltimore

salutary neglect

William Penn, Pennsylvania

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Indentured Servants

headright system

Harvard College (1636)

The Great Awakening (1720s-1740s)

George Whitefield

New Lights vs. Old Lights

Jonathan Edwards

the Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin

John Locke

Deists

Poor Richard's Almanac

John Peter Zenger trial

immigration to colonial America

English-French rivalry

Road to Revolution & Revolutionary War

French and Indian War (7 Years War)

Albany plan for Union

Pontiac's Uprising (1763)

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar/Revenue Act (1764)

Stamp Act (1765)

Stamp Act Congress

Samuel Adams, Sons of Liberty

Declaratory Act (1766)

Charles Townshend, Revenue Act of 1767

"Letter's From A Farmer in Pennsylvania "

Circular Letter (1768)

Boston Massacre (1770)

Gaspee incident (1772)

writs of assistance

Quartering Acts

Tea Act of 1773, Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts (1774)

nonimportation and noncomsumption agreements

First Continental Congress (1774)

virtual representation

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

the “natural aristocracy”

committees of correspondence

Continental Association

Lexington & Concord (1775)

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Olive Brach Petition

Suffolk Resolves

Declaration of Independence

George Washington

Continental Army

French alliance

Marquis de Lafayette

Battle of Saratoga (1778)

Benjamin Franklin (diplomacy)

Battle of Yorktown (1981)

Whigs & Tories, loyalists

Hessians

Valley Forge

Frederick von Steuben

“republican motherhood”

egalitarianism

Articles of Confederation

Shay’s rebellion (1786)

Newburgh Conspiracy (1783)

Annapolis Meetings (1786)

Peace of Paris (1783)

Ordinance of (1785)

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Abigail Adams

Constitution and New Republic (1776-1800)

James Madison

Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan,

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

separation of powers, checks and balances

federalism

three-fifths compromise

electoral college system

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

The Federalist Papers

constitutional ratification

Bill of Rights

Judiciary Act of 1789

Washington's Presidency

Alexander Hamlilton, economic plan

Report on Public Credit (Hamilton)

1^st Bank of United States (1791)

Protective tariffs

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Washington's Farewell Address

origin of American political parties

John Adam's Presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

Election of 1800 (“Revolution of 1800”)

Judiciary Act of 1801 (midnight judges)

Age of Jefferson (1800-1816)

Thomas Jefferson (presidency and philosophy)

Albert Gallatin (Jefferson’s fiscal policy)

Aaron Burr, Burr Conspiracy

Chief Justice John Marshall

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

Impressment

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident (1807)

Embargo Act (1807)

Non-Intercourse Acts (1809)

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Tecumseh and the Prophet

War of 1812, causes of

William Henry Harrison, Battle of Tippecanoe

1812 Congressional "War Hawks"

Hartford Convention (1814)

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans

Era of Good Feelings

growth of American nationalism

Expansionism (1800-1860)

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Lewis & Clark, Sacajawea

Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty (1819)

Five Civilized Tribes

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Trail of Tears

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Worcester vs. Georgia

squatters and speculators

Mexican Independence from Spain (1821)

Manifest Destiny

Sante Fe Trail

Stephen F. Austin

The Alamo

Oregon trail

annexation of Texas (1845)

California Gold Rush

Oregon Fever, boundary settlement

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

James K. Polk

Zachary Taylor

Mexican-American War (causes, events)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

filibustering expeditions

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Matthew Perry, Japan

Economic Development (1776-1860)

Panic of 1819

Boom-Bust Cycles

Samuel B. Morse, telegraph

Elias Howe

development of “market revolution”

Robert Fulton & Clermont

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Erie Canal

railroad boom

National (Cumberland) Road, turnpikes

American system of manufacturing

subsistence farming vs. commercial farming

Industrial Revolution in America

Samuel Slater

Waltham and Lowell mills

early labor movement, unions

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

Immigration

nativism, anti-Catholicism

Cyrus McCormick

agricultural advancements

Urban growth

US Foreign Policy: 1776-1860

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

XYZ Affair (1797)

quasi war with France (1798-1799)

Barbary Pirates

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Sectionalism, Slavery & the South

Slavery (conditions, system of, etc.)

slave codes

Abolition movement

Eli Whitney

Cotton Kingdom

plantation system

Upper South and Lower South

Economy of the Old South

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Gag rule

William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

abolition of slave importation (1808)

American Colonization Society

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

African American culture

Social classes of the Old South

Planters, yeoman farmers

Hinton H. Helper, The Impending Crisis

southern code of honor

Denmark Vessey

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

the pro-slavery arguments

free southern blacks

"Peculiar Institution"

Gabriel Prosser (rebellion)

Age of Jackson (1828-1848)

Jacksonian Democracy, expansion of suffrage

Presidency of Andrew Jackson

The Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Alexis de Tocquevelle, Democracy in America

Spoils system (rotation)

the second American party system

Whig Party (philosophy, leaders)

Henry Clay and the American System

internal improvements

Maysville Road Veto (1830)

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Nullification Crisis (1833)

John C. Calhoun

Webster-Hayne debate

Nicholas Biddle

The Second Bank of the United States

Bank Veto (1832)

pet banks

Specie Circular (1836)

Martin Van Buren

Independent Treasury

Panic of 1837

log cabin campaign

Antebellum Intellectual & Reform Movements

Horace Mann

Second Great Awakening, revivalism

Mormonism

utopian movements

Robert Owen and New Harmony

Voluntary Associations

separate spheres

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Sojourner Truth

American Temperance Society

Dorothea Dix

asylums, penitentiaries

transcendentalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

American Renaissance (literature)

The 1850s: Decade of Crisis

Compromise of 1850

popular sovereignty

Fugitive Slave Act

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Sumner (1856)

Collapse of the Whigs

Rise & fall of the Know-Nothings

Birth of the Republican Party (1856)

Free Soil vs. Abolition

Panic of 1857

Election of 1856

Buchanan Presidency

Dred Scott Case (1857)

Lecompton Constitution

Roger B. Taney

Stephen Douglas

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln

Crittenden Compromise

Secession (reasons for, effect)

Civil War

Fort Sumter attacked (1861)

Ulysses S. Grant

George McClellan

William T. Sherman

Union (strengths & weaknesses)

Confederacy (strengths & weaknesses)

border states

Recruitment & conscription

Financing the war

National Banking Act (1863)

Internal Revenue Act (1864)

greenbacks

NY City Draft riots, 1863

writ of habeas corpus

Election of 1864

Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee

confederate constitution

cotton diplomacy

The Trent affair

women & the Civil War

military technology, rifle

medical knowledge of the times

First Manassas/Bull Run

Antietam

Gettysburg

Gettysburg Address

Vicksburg

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Anaconda Plan

Total war

Appomattox Courthouse

Confiscation Acts

Robert Gould Shaw

Emancipation Proclamation

Societal effects of war

Copperheads

inflation (during Civil War)

impact of war on the South

Ex Parte Milligan

Reconstruction & The New South

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

Wade-Davis Bill

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

Black Codes

Freedmen's Bureau

Radical Reconstruction

Military Reconstruction Act

Reconstruction Amendments: 13, 14, 15

Civil Rights Act of 1866

impeachment of Johnson

Tenure of Office Act

Hiram Revels & Blanche Bruce

carpet baggers

scalawags

sharecropping

Crop lien system

Compromise of 1877

redeemers

disenfranchisement

Ku Klux Klan

lynching

Jim Crow laws

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

The New South

George Washington Carver

Grant presidency

Credit Mobilier

Whiskey Ring

Panic of 1873

The American West (1860-1900)

Homestead Act (1862)

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Transcontinental Railroad(s)

Cowboys, cattle drives

Range wars

Steel plows & barbed wire

Myth & reality in the Old West

Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis

Plains Indians

federal Indian policy--reservations

decline of the buffalo

Custer's Last Stand (Battle of Little bighorn)

Sitting Bull

Chief Joseph

Ghost Dance

Geronimo captured (1887)

Wounded Knee (1890)

Carlisle Indian School

Helen Hunt Jackson

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Washburn Mills

Life on the plains

The Grange

Oklahoma land rush, Sooners

Environmental degradation and preservation

mining boom towns

Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation

The railroad business

Consolidation

Vertical & horizontal integration

Andrew Carnegie

Gospel of Wealth

Bessemer process, steel

JP Morgan

Jay Gould

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Trust

Pools, Trusts, Monopolies

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Thomas Edison

Menlo Park

Technological Innovations of 1870s

Horatio Alger

Social Darwinism

Looking Backward (Edward Bellamy)

Karl Marx

Impact of industrialization on the worker

collective bargaining

Labor unions

Samuel Gompers

American Federation of Labor

Pinkertons

yellow dog contracts

scabs

lockout, blacklist

injunctions, In re Debs (1895)

Knights of Labor

Haymarket Square

Eugene Debs

Pullman Strike

Homestead Strike

Railway Strike of 1877

Immigration & Urban Society

urban migration (lure of the cities)

immigration (push & pull, new & old)

nativism, xenophobia

melting pot vs. cultural diversity

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Ellis Island

urban police & crime

Political machines, bosses

William Marcy Tweed

Water & sewer systems

YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army

Social Gospel Movement

Settlement House Movement

Jane Adams, Hull House

Ghettos

tenements

Intellectual and Cultural Movements

Booker T. Washington

The Atlanta Compromise speech

Tuskegee Institute

Expansion of colleges and universities

Mark Twain

PT Barnum

minstrel shows

Vaudeville

professional sports

expansion of journalism and publishing

Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst

National Politics 1877-1896

weak/limited presidents (1865-1896)

laissez-faire

spoils system & civil service reform

Pendleton Act

James Garfield

Chester Arthur

Grover Cleveland

Benjamin Harrison

Gilded Age

tariff policy

McKinley Tariff

railroad regulation

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Munn vs. Illinois

Panic of 1893, Depression 1893-1897

Coxey's Army

farmer's alliances

The Grange

People's Party of the U.S.

Populism

money supply, free silver

The Crime of ’73, gold standard

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Elections of 1896

William McKinley

William Jennings Bryan

Cross of Gold Speech

Foreign Policy (1865-1914)

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

International Darwinism

Alfred Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power

annexation of Hawaii

Christian missionaries

"White Man's Burden"

Great White Fleet

Spanish-American War

Butcher Weyler

Yellow Journalism

USS Maine

Teller Amendment

Platt Amendment

Philippines War

Emilio Aguinaldo

Anti-Imperialist League

Treaty of Paris, 1898

John Hay, open door policy

Boxer Rebellion

spheres of influence

Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of Navy

The Big Stick

Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

Dollar diplomacy

Nicaragua intervention

Wilson's Foreign Policy

Pancho Villa

Mexican intervention

Progressive Era

Election of 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916

Principles of Scientific Management

Progressivism

Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist factory

John Dewey

Robert La Follette

muckrakers

Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

Ida Tarbell

Social Gospel

ASL, WCTU

progressive era amendments

16^th amendment—income tax

secret ballot, direct primaries

17^th amendment—direct election of Senate

18^th amendment--Prohibition

workplace reforms

Theodore Roosevelt, square deal

Northern Securities case

trust busting

1902 coal strike

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Bull Moose Party

Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"

Conservation movement

William H. Taft

Pinchot-Ballinger controversy

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1809)

Woodrow Wilson

Wilson's "New Freedom"

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Child Labor Act of 1916

Federal Trade Commission

IWW, Wobblies

Eugene Debs & Socialist Party of America

WEB Du Bois

Niagara Movement

NAACP

Marcus Garvey

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Black urban migration

women in the late 1800s

19^th amendment—women’s suffrage

Alice Paul

Florence Kelley

Susan B. Anthony

World War I

US neutrality

Zimmerman Telegram

U-Boats (Submarines)

Lusitania

Sussex Pledge

US economic ties with allies

pacifism vs. preparadness

1917 Selective Service Act

black migration to the North

American Expeditionary Force

War Industries Board

Food Administration

financing the war

Creel Committee

Espionage Act, 1917

Sedition Act, 1918

Schenck vs. United States

Wilson's 14 Points

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Senate debate over League of Nations

Henry Cabot Lodge

race riots

post-war demobilization

Palmer raids & red scare

Sacco & Vanzetti

post-war labor strife

New Era: 1920s

"return to normalcy"

Andrew Mellon

Warren Harding

Teapot Dome & Harding scandals

Economy of the 1920s

prosperity and wealth in the 1920s

farm problems in the 1920s

development of the labor movement

Pop culture of the 1920s

Charles Lindbergh

Henry Ford & the automobile

radio & movies

Status of women in the 1920s

Margaret Sanger, birth control

flappers

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Jazz Age

Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes

Prohibition (18^th Am., Volstead Act)

Organized crime, bootlegging

Al Capone

nativism

Immigration Restriction Act (1921)

National Origins Act (1924)

Ku Klux Klan

Scopes Trial

Fundamentalism

Washington Naval Arms Conference (1921)

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

Dawes Plan (1924)

international trade in the 1920s

Great Depression & New Deal

1929 Stock Market Crash

buying on margin

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

dust bowl

Causes of Crash & Depression

Impact of the Great Depression

Hoover's Response to the Depression

culture of the 1930s

Bonus march (1932)

Election of 1932

new Democratic coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt

brain trust

fireside chats

New Deal

Relief, Reform, Recovery

The Hundred Days

21^st amendment

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Securities & Exchange Commission

Frances Perkins

Second New Deal

deficit spending, Keynes

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Social Security Act (1935)

Critics of the New Deal

Huey Long

Father Coughlin

Francis Townsend

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

John L. Lewis

court packing

Roosevelt Recession (1938)

social values, change during depression

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Diplomacy in the 1930s

Stimson Doctrine

Manchuria

Good Neighbor Policy

Recognition of USSR (1933)

Montevideo

Buenos Aires

London Economic Conference (1933)

Disarmament

Neutrality Acts

Japanese aggression

fascism

Mussolini & Italy

Hitler, Nazis

German aggression

Axis Powers

appeasement

Munich conference

Isolationism

Neutrality Acts

US rearmament

Nye Report

Hitler-Stalin Pact

Second World War

blitzkrieg

gradual shift away from isolationism

cash and carry policy

destroyers for bases deal

Selective Service Act of 1940

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

arsenal of democracy (wartime production)

Atlantic Charter

Pearl Harbor (causes & impact)

War Powers Act

economic impact of war

rationing

Manhattan Project

Wartime propaganda

Domestic impacts of WWII

Double V Campaign

Great Migration

Braceros

Rosie the Riveter

Women and WW2

US response to Holocaust

Anti-Semitism

Internment of Japanese Americans

Korematsu vs. United States

Dwight Eisenhower

D-Day

Teheran Conference

Yalta Conference

Potsdam Conference

Harry S Truman

Atomic Bombs

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

United Nations

Cold War

USSR

Communism

Soviet Sphere of Influence (Eastern Bloc)

George Kennan, long telegram

Containment

Iron Curtain Speech

Truman Doctrine

National Security Act of 1947, CIA

Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift

NATO

Warsaw Pact

Chinese Civil War, “Red China”

Mao Tse-Tung (Zedong)

Soviet test of A-bomb, 1949

Hydrogen Bomb

NSC-68

Korean War

“limited” war

Truman fires MacArthur

second red scare

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

House Un-American Activities Committee

Richard Nixon

Alger Hiss & Rosenbergs

Joseph McCarthy, McCarthyism

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Armistice in Korea

John Foster Dulles's foreign policy

“new look” and massive retaliation

CIA interventions

Nasser, Suez Canal

Eisenhower Doctrine

U2 Incident (1960)

military-industrial-complex

Sputnik

Space race

flexible response

Nikita Khrushchev

Hungarian Revolt (1956)

Bay of Pigs

Berlin Wall (Kennedy vs. Khrushchev)

Cuban Missile Crisis

"hot line"

Limited Test Ban Treaty

arms race

Vietnam War (see next section)

Détente

Nixon & China

Henry Kissinger

SALT 1, 2

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Reagan’s Military build-up

SDI

“evil empire” speech

diplomacy with USSR

Gorbachev, glasnost & perestroika

Collapse of Communism

End of the Cold War

Vietnam War

1954 Geneva Summit

Geneva Peace Accords

Ho Chi Minh, Vietminh, Dienbienphu

Viet Cong, guerrilla warfare

Domino theory

Gulf of Tonkin incident & resolution

Anti-war movement

Student protest movement

hawks and doves

Tet Offensive

Eugene McCarthy

Vietnamization

Nixon Doctrine

My Lai massacre

Paris Accords

Kent State, Jackson State shooting

Pentagon Papers

Fall of Saigon, 1975

Civil Rights Movement & Race Relations

Jackie Robinson

Truman desegregates military (1948)

Brown vs. Board of Education

Southern Manifesto

Governor Faubus, Little Rock's Central HS

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks

Little Rock desegregation

Greensboro sit-in

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC

freedom rides

Bull Connor, Birmingham

March on Washington

1964 Civil Rights Act

Thurgood Marshall

Selma March

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Long, Hot Summers

Kerner Commission

de facto segregation

Black Power

Malcolm X

Nation of Islam

Stokely Carmichael

Black Panthers

Affirmative Action

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

Social Change & Issues: 1945-Present

Baby Boom

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Women in the 1950s

Television

conformity (1950s)

Rock ‘n Roll, Elvis Presley

The Beats, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac

American Indian Movement

National Organization for Women

Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique

Gloria Steinem

Sandra Day O’Connor

Title IX

“glass ceiling”

Students for a Democratic Society

hippies, counter-culture

Timothy Leary

Haight-Ashbury

Sexual Revolution

Roe vs. Wade

Equal Rights Amendment

Regents of the U of California vs. Bakke

aging America

American Politics & Economy: 1945-Present

Truman presidency

Fair Deal

Post-WW2 Demobilization

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)

Bretton Woods Agreement

Taft-Hartley Act

closed shop vs. open shop

Recognition of Israel

politics of civil rights

Election of 1948

Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond

Election of 1952

Eisenhower presidency

Dynamic Conservatism

Interstate Highway Act

growth in federal budget

economy of the 1950s

dawn of the computer age

AFL-CIO, 1950s

impacts of the automobile

suburbanization

Levitt & Sons, Levittown

sun belt migration

braceros

Election of 1960

JFK Presidency

New Frontier

“Camelot”

Alliance for Progress

Peace Corps

1960 Nixon-Kennedy Debates

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

Clean Air Act of 1963

Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed

Lyndon Baines Johnson

1964 tax cut

Great Society

Michael Harrington's The Other America

War on Poverty

Barry Goldwater, Election of 1964

Immigration Act of 1965

Medicare, Medicaid

Warren Court

Miranda vs. Arizona

Gideon vs. Wainwright

Engel vs. Vitale

J. Edgar Hoover

Cesar Chavez

assassinations of 1968

violence at 1968 Democratic Convention

Election of 1968

George Wallace, politics of race

conservative backlash, the “Silent Majority”

OPEC oil embargo

New Federalism

silent majority

the plumbers

Spiro Agnew

Watergate

CREEP, "dirty tricks"

Bernstein & Woodward

Saturday Night Massacre

Environmental Protection Agency

Gerald Ford

Nixon's Pardon

Jimmy Carter

Deregulation

Energy crisis

Thee Mile Island

OPEC

Camp David Accords (1978)

Iran Hostage Crisis

Ronald Reagan

New Right

Reagan's economic plan

Supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

Iran-Contra Scandal

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Clarence Thomas

Election of 1992

Bill Clinton

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Clinton impeachment

urban problems

modern immigration

resurgent fundamentalism

globalization

biotechnology

World Trade Organization

Oklahoma City bombing

Election of 2000

9-11

Global warming

Unilateralism vs. multilateralism